Elements of phrenology
Elements of Phrenology is an 1845 New York text by the Scottish phrenologist George Combe, a primer of the theory that skull shape reveals character, written for general readers and students. Its engravings show human skulls in side and front views, numbered and marked with crosses to indicate regions of the head; a designer might draw on their hatched linework, which models bone volume with dense shading and clean contour.
