The effect of staggering a biplane
A 1921 technical report from the NASA Technical Reports Server, a wind-tunnel study of how offsetting the upper and lower wings of a biplane, called stagger, changes its lift-to-drag ratio, drag coefficient and centre of pressure across angles of incidence, written for aircraft engineers and aerodynamicists. The pictures are plain engineering line graphs with many labelled curves plotted against percent stagger and angle of incidence, offering a designer little beyond the sparse grid-and-curve vocabulary of technical data plots.
