Ivsti Lipsi De crvce libri tres: Ad sacram profanámque historiam vtiles ; Vnà cum Notis
Justus Lipsius's 1593 Latin treatise De cruce (On the Cross), printed in Antwerp and issued for scholars of sacred and profane history, uses engraved plates to show the different forms of crucifixion. The pictures are fine black-and-white woodcut-style engravings of a nude figure fixed to a single upright, a ladder-and-cross arrangement, an X-shaped frame, and a crossbar set on a post, each set against a classical landscape with ruined arches and hills. A designer might take their clean hatched line work, stark figure silhouettes, and the classical architectural backdrops as reference for ancient or scholarly imagery.
