The physical phenomena of spiritualism, fraudulent and genuine : being a brief account of the most important historical phenomena, a criticism of their evidential value, and a complete exposition of the methods employed in fraudulently reproducing the same
A 1907 Boston exposé by Hereward Carrington, published by H. B. Turner & Co., examining spiritualist physical phenomena and explaining how fraudulent mediums reproduced them. The pictures are close, grainy photographs of hands performing tricks: one pair restrains a seated person's wrists and arms, another hand holds a card against a dark panel, and a third works a looped rope. A designer could take their tight cropping and stark tonal contrast as a model for showing manipulation or concealment.
